8 of 14: George Peabody (1795-1869): A-Z Handbook...., by Franklin and Betty J. Parker, bfparker@frontiernet.net
Following Background "Preface" below 8 of 14 blogs covers alphabetically: Peabody, George, Illustrations. R to PIB Music. 50.
Background: "Preface" 1 of 14 tells the why-when-where-how-findings-and-motives of the authors’ research on Franklin Parker’s doctoral dissertation, “George Peabody, Founder of Modern Philanthropy,” completed 1956 at George Peabody College for Teachers, adjoining Vanderbilt University, which on July 1, 1979, became Peabody College of Vanderbilt University, Nashville.
George Peabody, so well known in the 1850s-60s but since sadly neglected, was a significant 19th century figure as: 1-a Massachusetts-born merchant in the U.S. South: Riggs & Peabody, later Peabody & Riggs (1814-38), who imported dry goods and other commodities (worldwide) for sale to U.S. wholesalers. George Peabody then became: 2-a London-based merchant-banker, George Peabody & Co. (1838-64), who financed in part the B&O RR, the 2nd Mexican War Loan, the Atlantic Cable, and with J.S. Morgan as partner, was the root of the JP Morgan international banking firm. Finally, this merchant-turned-banker became: 3-the best known philanthropist of his time (1850s-60s), who founded the Peabody Homes of London for the working poor; in the U.S. 7 Peabody Libraries and Lecture Halls; the Peabody Conservatory of Music, Baltimore; three Peabody Museums at Harvard (Anthropology), Yale (Paleontology), and the Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA (maritime history); and founder of the Peabody Education Fund for the South (1867-1914), basis for all later larger U.S. funds and foundations. End of Background.
P., G., Illus.: R.
Rigge, Henry (1803-?), London photographer, 35 New Bond St., W., made a sepia photo visiting card marked "1861-1862," size 2.5"x3.6/8," of GP standing full length near draped column with his hands across his chest. This photo is marked cdv66-01 for sale by The Eastern Window, seen on Internet Nov. 1, 2003: http://www.the-eastern-window.com/EWcdv-index.html?row1col2=EWcdv66-01.html See: also Ref.: Pritchard.
Rogers, Tom. "Londoners' Homes Peabody Legacy," Tennessean (Nashville), Nov. 28, 1976, p. 3-F, has three illustrations. 1-Photo of William W. Story's GP seated statue on Threadneedle Street near Royal Exchange, London. 2-Photos of outside of two apartment blocks, part of the Peabody Homes of London. 3-Photo of interior of one apartment, Peabody Homes of London, showing resident couple.
P., G., Illus.: S
Salem Evening News (Salem, Mass.), Aug. 31, 1963, p. 3, "A World Benefactor is Peabody's Pride," has four illustrations. 1-Photo of Queen Victoria's miniature portrait made in 1867 by British artist F.A.C. Tilt, baked on porcelain, set in a frame of solid gold, given to GP in 1867 for his $2.5 million gift for Peabody model homes for London's working poor (from 1862); original in Peabody Institute Library, Peabody, Mass. [p. 8] (same, Hellman-8, Hill-5, Illustrated London News, Kenin-5, Kenyon-1, Parker-3, Parker-6, and Peabody Historical Society [Calendar]-40 above). 2-Photo of sculptured bust of GP. 3-Photo of GP's birthplace, 205 Washington Street, Peabody, Mass.; now GP Civic Center. 4-Photo of Peabody Institute Library, Peabody, Mass.
Salem News (Salem, Mass.), Nov. 4, 1971, "New Book on Life of GP," has portrait of GP in old age.
P., G., Illus.: S. (Cont'd.)
Salem Evening News (Salem, Mass.), March 10, 1995, p. 9, article titled "Peabody Today. Curious About George? Revised Book Details Life, Times of Peabody Namesake," has profile of GP as a young man, made from the dust jacket of Franklin Parker, George Peabody, A Biography (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1971 and revised 1995 ed.). The dust jacket design was made by Gary Gore, design and promotion manager, Vanderbilt Univ. Press.
Salem Evening News, Dec. 16, 1999, p. A10, S.M. Smoller, "Was George Peabody a Character Model for Dickens?" (Three GP illustrations from Peabody Historical Society, Peabody, Mass.).
Salisbury, Lynne Trowbridge. Peabody Museum of Natural History: A Guide to the Exhibits (New Haven: Yale University, 1961), p. 6, has two illustrations. 1-Photo of GP, head and shoulders, in old age. 2-Photo of Yale paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh (1831-99) in old age (GP's nephew who influenced him to found three Peabody Museums at Harvard and Yale universities and in Salem, Mass.).
Salome, Louis J. "George Peabody, More Than Just a College Name," Tennessean(Nashville), May 7, 1995, p. 2D, has photo of bust of GP by sculptor Hans Schuler, unveiled May 12, 1926, New York Univ. Hall of Fame Colonnade.
Schaaf, Elizabeth, "George Peabody: His Life and Legacy, 1795-1869," Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol. 90, No. 3 (Fall 1995), pp. 269-285, has 10 illustrations, all from the Archives, Peabody Institute of the Johns Hopkins University, of which Elizabeth Schaaf is Archivist). 1-Frontispiece has sketch of British warship HMS Monarch which transported GP's remains from Portsmouth, England, to Portland, Me., after which the coffin went by train to Danvers, Mass., "in what the Guinness Book of Records still lists as the longest funeral train in history."
Schaaf, Elizabeth, "George Peabody: His Life and Legacy, 1795-1869," Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol. 90, No. 3 (Fall 1995), pp. 269-285 (cont'd). 2-Portrait of Baltimorean Elizabeth Knox, oil on canvas by unknown artist, with whom GP was said to be in love but whose father Dr. Samuel Knox discouraged the marriage; p. 272 (same in Parker, George Peabody…'95-3 above). 3-Portrait of GP as a young man, oil on canvas, ca. 1830, by an unknown artist; p. 272 (see Smoller, "City Has…," below).
Schaaf, Elizabeth, "George Peabody: His Life and Legacy, 1795-1869," Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol. 90, No. 3 (Fall 1995), pp. 269-285 (cont'd.). 4-Sketch: "A whale interferes with [Atlantic] cable laying by HMS Agamemnon…"; p. 276. 5-Photo: "Plaque at 23 Great Winchester Street in London shows the progression of the business founded by Peabody;" p. 277. 6-Photo of GP standing, surrounded by crowd, front steps of the PIB, Mount Vernon Square, Oct. 25, 1866, dedication, as parade of school children march by; taken by Washington, D.C. photographer Richard Bell, looking down, from top of base of Baltimore's Washington Monument; p. 279.
Schaaf, Elizabeth, "George Peabody: His Life and Legacy, 1795-1869," Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol. 90, No. 3 (Fall 1995), pp. 269-285 (cont'd.).
7-Sketch of crowded slum room with sleeping poor at Pheasant Court, Grays Inn Lane, London; typical of worst housing before model Peabody's Homes for London's working poor; begun 1862; p. 280.
Schaaf, Elizabeth, "George Peabody: His Life and Legacy, 1795-1869," Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol. 90, No. 3 (Fall 1995), pp. 269-285 (cont'd.). 8-Arial sketch of Peabody Homes, Islington, London, after 1862, p. 281. 9-Photo of GP, White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., summer 1869, middle of 5 seated figures behind whom stand 8 former Civil War generals, p. 283 (same, Conte, above). 10-Sketch of GP funeral with pallbearers carrying his casket, Peabody, Mass, Jan. 8, 1869, p. 284 (same Conte, above).
Schaaf, Elizabeth, compiler. Guide to the Archives: The Peabody Institute of the City of Baltimore, 1857-1977 (Baltimore: Archives of the Peabody Institute of the Johns Hopkins University, l987), has seven illustrations. 1-Drawing of the exterior of the PIB building, front cover. 2-1870s aerial photo of PIB building on Mount Vernon Place, Baltimore; taken from steeple of nearby church, facing p. 1. 3-Life-size photo portrait of GP by Philadelphia-born, London based photographer John Jabez Edwin (1810-1901). In 1866 the 8-ft. photograph print was overpainted in oil and is in the PIB art collection; p. 8 (see Peabody: An Illustrated Guide, 1977, above). 4-Reduced size photo of GP seated and the trustees of the PEF, probably 1867, p. 11 (same, Dabney, Kocher above). 5-Peabody Homes of London on Peabody Square, Spitalfields, London, p. 12. 6-Photo of GP standing amid crowd outside PIB building, Baltimore, at dedication, Oct. 25, 1866, p. 14. 7-Drawing of six levels of stacks inside PIB library building, Baltimore, p. 16.
Schoettler, Carl. "Peabody's Legacy: Banker gave Baltimore a Musical Institute--and the Gift of Giving," Sun (Baltimore), Feb. 16, 1995, has two illustrations. 1-Photo of GP standing amid crowd outside PIB building, Baltimore, at dedication, Oct. 25, 1866. 2-Painting of elderly GP (head and shoulders).
Smoller, S.M. "City Has a Ball in Honor of GP's Birthday," Peabody & Lynnfield Weekly News (Mass.), Nov. 9, 1995, p. 2, has portrait of GP as young man, said to be a recent (1995?) gift of the Peabody Trust in London to the "local museum," Peabody, Mass. (see Schaaf, Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol. 90, No. 3 (Fall 1995), pp. 269-285, 3 above).
Southern Education Foundation Annual Report 1986-87, Toward Equity and Excellence; A 50 Year Commitment, 1937-1987 (Atlanta: Southern Education Foundation, 1987), has several illustrations.
1-Illustration of GP in old age, p. 8.
2-Illustrations of later philanthropists influenced by GP's example whose gifts have aided the Southern Education Foundation: John L. Slater, p. 9; Anna T. Jeanes, p. 10; and others.
Stump, William. "Man in the Street: Peabody," Sun (Baltimore), Jan. 25, 1953, has photo of portrait of GP in middle age, from Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore.
Sun (Baltimore), Nov. 4, 1971, p. B-2, "At the Maryland Historical Society," has portrait of GP in old age.
P., G., Illus.: V
Virginia Journal of Education, "George Peabody Fund," Vol. 57 (Sept. 1963), pp. 32-40, has portrait of GP.
P., G., Illus.: W
Welch, Allen Howard. "George Peabody's Funeral Voyage: A Tarnished Homecoming," Essex Institute Historical Collections, Vol. 109, No. 2 (April 1973), pp. 116-137, has four GP funeral illustrations from the Peabody Essex Museum collection, Salem, Mass., on pp. 128-129. 1-Drawing, "Reception of Mr. Peabody's Remains on Board HMS Monarch at Portsmouth [England]." 2-Drawing of HMS Monarch at Portsmouth [England]. 3-HMS Monarch with GP's remains off Portland Light, Maine; oil painting by H. Brown of Portland. 4-Drawing of funeral ships in Portland, Maine, harbor, with crowds watching.
Welcome to--Peabody, Massachusetts: 'The World's Largest Leather City' (tri-fold pamphlet). [Peabody, Mass.: Chamber of Commerce and Peabody Historical Society), n.d, has two illustrations. 1-Portrait of GP, seated, holding June 16, 1852, letter founding Peabody Institute, Peabody, Mass., with signature. 2-Photo of Queen Victoria's miniature portrait made in 1867 by British artist F.A.C. Tilt, baked on porcelain, set in a frame of solid gold, given to GP in 1867 for his $2.5 million gift for Peabody model homes for London's working poor (from 1862); original in Peabody Institute Library, Peabody, Mass. [p. 8] (same, Hellman-8, Hill-5, Illustrated London News, Kenin-5, Kenyon-1, Parker-3, Parker-6, Peabody Historical Society [Calendar]-40; and Salem News-l above).
Wells, John A. The Peabody Story: Events in Peabody's History, 1626-1972 (Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute, 1972), has twelve illustrations.
1-Program for "Peabody Reception (Oct. 9th, 1856) Dinner in Honor of GP, Esq., of London, by the Citizens of His Native Town, at South Danvers" (between pp. 6 and 7). 2-Four illustrations: (1) GP, head and shoulders; bottom left; (2) exterior view of Peabody Institute, Peabody, Mass.; (3) center, Peabody Square, Islington, London, England; (4) bottom right, exterior view of PIB, between pp. 6 and 7.
Wells, John A. The Peabody Story: Events in Peabody's History, 1626-1972 (Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute, 1972), has twelve illustrations (cont'd.). 3-Sketch of "Reception to George Peabody, Oct. 9, 1856, with large parade passing through Peabody Square," between pp. 6 and 7. 4-Illustration of "The Peabody Institute at the Time of the Address of Welcome," 1856, between pp. 6 and 7. 5-GP portrait with legend, "George Peabody, America's First Great Philanthropist," between pp. 17 and 18.
Wells, John A. The Peabody Story: Events in Peabody's History, 1626-1972 (Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute, 1972), has twelve illustrations (cont'd.). 6-"George Peabody Addressing the School Children of South Danvers, Mass.," in Peabody Institute, Oct. 15, 1866; sketch by J. W. Thyng, between pp. 17 and 18. 7-"The Peabody Funeral--Arrival in Peabody, Massachusetts, of the Special Train with the Remains" [from "The Last Honors," Harper's Weekly, Vol. 14, No. 686 (Feb. 19, 1870), p. 113], between pp. 22 and 23. 8-"Arrival of George Peabody's Remains in his Native Town, Feb. 1, 1870. Shows Funeral Carriage In Front Of The Peabody, Massachusetts, Rail Depot, With Crowd Looking On" [from "The Last Honors," Harper's Weekly, Vol. 14, No. 686 (Feb. 19, 1870), p. 113], between pp. 22 -23.
Wells, John A. The Peabody Story: Events in Peabody's History, 1626-1972 (Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute, 1972), has twelve illustrations (cont'd.).
9-"Peabody's remains lying in state in the Peabody Institute, Peabody, Massachusetts" [from "The Last Honors," Harper's Weekly, Vol. 14, No. 686 (Feb. 19, 1870), p. 113], between pp. 22 and 23. 10-"Photo of exterior of Peabody Institute building, Peabody, Massachusetts, showing mourning decorations during Peabody's 1870 funeral" [from "The Last Honors," Harper's Weekly, Vol. 14, No. 686 (Feb. 19, 1870), p. 113], pp. 24-25. 11-"Catafalque for George Peabody's Remains guarded by two military men, lying in state at Peabody Institute, Peabody, Massachusetts, Feb. 1-8, 1870" [from "The Last Honors," Harper's Weekly, Vol. 14, No. 686 (Feb. 19, 1870), p. 113], pp. 24 -25. 12-Illustration of the Prince of Wales unveiling GP statue, Royal Exchange, Threadneedle Street, London, July 23, 1869.
Williams, David A. "George Peabody," McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of World Biography (New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., 1973), VIII, p. 334, has engraving of GP in mid life, from the Library of Congress.
Peabody, George (1795-1869), Internet Related URL's on the Internet. See: References. g. Internet (World Wide Web): alphabetically by last name of author or subject or by title (located in References at the end of Newspapers).
Peabody, George (1795-1869), Named Institutions, Firms, Buildings, Ships, Other Facilities, Music, & Poems Named for GP (32 entries below)
P., G.: …Named for GP. 1-Riggs, Peabody & Co. (1814-29). The three business firms containing GP's name include Riggs, Peabody & Co., a firm importing dry goods from world markets for sale mainly to U.S. wholesalers. He met older established merchant Elisha Riggs, Sr. (1779-1853) as a fellow soldier in the War of 1812. Riggs took 19-year-old GP as junior partner. The firm began in Georgetown, D.C. (1814), moved to Baltimore (1815), and had warehouses in NYC and Philadelphia from 1822. See: Riggs, Sr., Elisha. Riggs, Peabody & Co.
P., G.: …Named for GP. 2-Peabody, Riggs & Co. (1829-48). When Elisha Riggs, Sr., withdrew to become a NYC banker (1829), the firm was renamed Peabody, Riggs & Co., with GP as senior partner. His junior partners were Samuel Riggs (d. 1853, Elisha Riggs, Sr.'s nephew), Henry T. Jenkins (b. 1815), and Adolphus William Peabody (b. 1814, GP's younger first cousin. Based in London since Feb. 1837, GP withdrew his funds from the firm in 1843, although its business transactions went on to 1848. See: Peabody, Riggs & Co. Persons named.
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 3-George Peabody & Co. (Dec. 1838 to Oct. 1, 1864). In London from Feb. 1837 on his fifth commercial trip to Europe (during 1827-37), GP a-headed Peabody, Riggs & Co., b-was Md.'s agent to sell abroad Md.'s $8 Million bond sale to finance internal improvements (Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, B&O RR, and others); and c-founded the London-based banking firm, George Peabody & Co. He traded increasingly and successfully in U.S. bonds: state, federal, railroad, and others. He remained in London the rest of his life (except for three U.S. visits). To devote his last years to his considerable philanthropic institutions, he retired Oct. 1, 1864, and withdrew his name from the firm, knowing he would no longer exert control. George Peabody & Co. became J.S. Morgan & Co. (1864-1909, led by Boston merchant, Junius Spencer Morgan, 1813-90, GP's partner since Oct. 1, 1854; then by J.S. Morgan's son, John Pierpont Morgan, Sr. 1837-1913). The firm was renamed Morgan Grenfell & Co. (1910-18); Morgan Grenfell & Co, Ltd. (1918-90); and continues as Deutsche Morgan Grenfell (since June 29, 1990). See: firms and persons named.
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 4-Peabody Institute Library, Peabody, Mass., June 16, 1852. GP early told intimates and about 1850 said publicly that he would found an educational or other useful institution in every town and city where he had lived and worked. Invited but unable to attend his hometown's 100th year of separation from Salem, Mass. (Danvers, Mass., Centennial Celebration, June 16, 1852), he sent instead a letter from London, May 26, 1852, enclosing funds for his first Peabody Institute Library and a motto: "Education: a debt due from present to future generations." This first of GP's seven libraries contained, besides a free library, a lecture fund and lecture hall, similar to the lyceums and later chautauquas of the time. Danvers, his birthplace (1752-1855) was renamed South Danvers (1855-68), and Peabody, Mass. (April 13, 1868). GP ultimately gave the Peabody Institute Library, Peabody, Mass., a total of $217,600. See: Corcoran, William Wilson. Peabody, George, Philanthropy (below).
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 5-Peabody Institute Library, Danvers, Mass., Dec. 22, 1856. After GP's hometown of Danvers, Mass., was divided into South Danvers and North Danvers (1855), GP founded the Peabody Institute Library, North Danvers, Mass., Dec. 22, 1856. It also contained a free library, lecture hall, and lecture fund. In 1868 North Danvers became Danvers, Mass. To the Peabody Institute Library, Danvers, Mass., GP ultimately gave a total of $100,000. Ref.: Ibid.
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 6-Peabody Institute of Baltimore (PIB), Feb. 12, 1857. From 1854 GP urged distinguished Baltimoreans visiting London to help him plan a learning center in Baltimore. The PIB, founded Feb. 12, 1857, was largely planned by Baltimore novelist and statesman John Pendleton Kennedy (1795-1870). GP and Kennedy had also been fellow soldiers in the War of 1812. Kennedy's plan, based partly on the British Museum, consisted of a-a specialized non-circulating reference library, b-lecture hall and lecture fund, c-academy of music (later conservatory of music), c-gallery of art, and d-gave annual prizes to the best Baltimore public school students. Delayed by the Civil War, opened Oct. 25, 1866, GP gave the PIB a total of $1.4 million. The PIB was economically viable (1866-1966) until financial difficulties led the PIB Reference Library to become part of Baltimore's Enoch Pratt Free Library (July 2, 1966, to July 1, 1982). On July 1, 1982, both the PIB Reference Library and the PIB Conservatory of Music, became constituent units of the Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore. Since GP had influenced Enoch Pratt (1808-96) to found the Enoch Pratt Free Library and Johns Hopkins (1795-1873) to found the Johns Hopkins Univ., hospital, and medical school, many Baltimoreans thought it prophetic and fitting that their institutions aid his creation. See: Eaton, Charles James Madison. Persons named. PIB.
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 7-Peabody Library, Thetford, Vt. In the winter 1810 GP, then age 15, visited his maternal grandparents, Jeremiah Dodge (1744-1824) and Judith (née Spofford) Dodge (1749-1828), and their son, his uncle Eliphalet Dodge, in Post Mills Village, Thetford, Vt. In memory of his maternal grandparents and of his visit there, GP gave, $5,000 for a public library, Aug. 1866, which opened Oct. 9, 1867, as the Peabody Library, Thetford, Vt. Ref.: Internet site (seen) March 18, 2000): http://www.valley.net~conriver/V13-7.htm Baldwin, J. A. pp. 12-15. See Concord, N.H. Persons named. Thetford, Vt.
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 8-George Peabody PIB Medal for Music. Recipients of the PIB's George Peabody Medal for Outstanding Contributions to Music in America, initiated in 1980, included: Leonard Bernstein and Eubie Blake (1980), Benny Goodman (1982), Ella Fitzgerald (1983), Joseph Meyerhoff (1985), Steven Muller (1990), Dominick Argento (1993), David Zinman (April 1996), and Wynton Marsalis (May 1996). Ref.: "On Music: David Zinman…"
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 9-Contemporary Music. "The Peabody Schottish. Dedicated to George Peabody. By Jas. E. MaCruder," is the music for a round dance (in a circle), resembling a polka, published in Boston, 1857 ("Schottisch" means Scottish). An illustration of GP, under Good George Peabody, described as "The popular music halls echoed to the tune of a ballad entitled 'Good George Peabody' – the celebrity of the 1860s," appeared in Peabody Trust (London). Peabody Trust 1862-11987. 125 Years Caring for Londoners (London: Peabody Trust, 1987), [p. 6]. Ref.: The Peabody Schottish music is listed on the Internet (seen March 20, 2000), out-of-print section, http//:www.barnesandnoble.com llc
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 10-Poems about GP. See: George T. Dole. Grace Greenwood. Oliver Wendell Holmes. Walt Whitman. John Greenleaf Whittier. See also Quotations by and about GP. For GP eulogies, see Blanc, Louis. Hugo, Victor Marie. Winthrop, Robert Charles.
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 11-Steamship: George Peabody, 1857. The Powhatan Steamship Co., Baltimore, which owned two freight packets, the Belvedere and Pocahontas, laid the keel of their third steamer, May 1, 1857. They were to name it the Hiawatha but when the board of directors met a few days after GP's PIB gift was announced (Feb. 12, 1857), they decided to name their new $90,000 vessel George Peabody in tribute to GP's gift to Baltimore and as good company advertisement. The George Peabody, commanded by Capt. Pritchard, the largest freighter then in the Chesapeake Bay trade, steamed between Baltimore, Petersburg, Va., and Richmond, Va. By one account, on Aug. 13, 1862, taken over as a federal steamship in the Civil War, the George Peabody collided with the West Point, another federal steamship, on the Potomac River, with a loss of 83 lives See George Peabody (ship).
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 12-Peabody Trust (Model Apts. For London's Working Poor, Mar. 12, 1862). GP first mentioned his intended gift to London to Baltimore friends in 1857. He first considered and discarded the idea of city-wide purified water drinking fountains. He then considered endowing the Ragged School Union (charity schools for poor children, begun in 1838). He asked visiting longtime friend, Ohio Episcopal Bishop Charles Pettit McIlvaine (1799-1873), to consult the head of the Ragged School Union, social reformer Lord Shaftesbury (Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl, 1801-85). Shaftesbury's advice was that the London poor's greatest need, even more than schools, was affordable model apartments near their work. This advice led GP to gather distinguished trustees and establish the Peabody Donation Fund (later renamed the Peabody Trust, London, total gift $2.4 million), from March 12, 1862, which built the Peabody homes of London. In 1999 there were 17,183 Peabody apartments in 26 London boroughs housing 34,500 low income Londoners; 59% white, 32% black, 9% others). See: Peabody Homes of London. Persons named.
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 13-Peabody Library, Georgetown, Mass., 1866. As boy and man GP often visited Georgetown, Mass., 28 miles northeast of Boston, his mother's birthplace (it was then called Rowley) and where his sister Judith Dodge (née Peabody Russell Daniels (1799-1879) lived for some years. In 1866 he built a Memorial Church in Georgetown in his mother's memory (cost, $70,000) and that same year gave $30,000 for a Georgetown public library, lyceum, and lecture fund. See: Georgetown, Mass. Memorial Church, Georgetown, Mass. Peabody, George, Philanthropy.
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 14-Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard Univ., Oct. 8, 1866. GP's nephew Othniel Charles Marsh's (1831-99) successful career as first U.S. paleontology professor at Yale and second such professor in the world led to GP's seven gifts to science and science education. GP paid for this nephew's entire education (Phillips Academy, Yale College, Yale's graduate Sheffield Scientific School, three German universities, plus a science library and a mineral collection). GP's first considered giving Harvard an astronomical observatory, then a school of design (art) and, influenced by talks on science with nephew O.C. Marsh, he founded the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (anthropology), Harvard Univ., Oct. 8, 1866, $150,000. See: Othniel Charles Marsh. Science: GP's Gifts to Science and Science Education.
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 15-Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale Univ., Oct. 22, 1866. The gift of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale Univ., soon followed, Oct. 22, 1866, also $150,00. Ref.: Ibid.
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 16-Peabody Education Fund, Feb. 7, 1867. Anti-slavery extremists and Radical Reconstructionists, bent on punishing the South for the Civil War, faulted GP for his merchant career in the South (1814-37), for his $l.4 million PIB gift to Md. "when that state was rotten with treason" (abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison's words), for remaining in London during the Civil War, and especially for his $1 million (doubled to $2 million) PEF to advance public education in the South. The PEF (1867-1914) is the best known and most valued by U.S. historians of his U.S. philanthropies. See: PCofVU. PEF. Peabody Normal College.
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 17-Peabody Essex Museum. The 200 year history of the Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Mass. (oldest museum in the U.S.), began as the East India Marine Society (1799), with Salem's acquisitive shipmasters' maritime treasures from China, Sumatra, India, and the Pacific islands. Next door was the Essex County Natural History Society (founded 1833), with historical papers of Essex County, Mass. These two organization combined as the Essex Institute (1848). Next to the Essex Institute GP founded the Peabody Academy of Science (Feb. 26, 1867, $140,000 gift) which existed during 1867-1915, when it was renamed the Peabody Museum of Salem (1915-92). In 1992 the Essex Institute merged with its neighboring Peabody Museum of Salem, renamed the Peabody Essex Museum (1992). See: above named institutions.
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 18-George Peabody Room, Washington, D.C. Public Library (Georgetown Branch), April 20, 1867). GP's $15,000 gift was intended with other donations for a public library in Georgetown, D.C. ("where I entered business for myself in early youth," his April 20, 1867, letter). The George Peabody Library Association of Georgetown (as it was known from 1876) later merged with the Washington, D.C. public library system. The still-existing George Peabody Room of the public library of Washington, D.C., contains Georgetown, D.C., historiana. See: George Peabody Room, Washington, D.C. Public Library (Georgetown Branch).
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 19-George Peabody Building, Univ. of Miss., was built following closure of the PEF (1867-1914) and the distribution of its assets, $40,000 of which went to the Univ. of Miss. The GP Building, Univ. of Miss., occupies 12,500 sq. ft. of floor space, houses the Dept. of Psychology, and was completely renovated in 1972. Ref.: Univ. of Miss.
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 20-Peabody Building, College of Education, Louisiana St. Univ., Baton Rouge. Recipient of PEF grant, LSU, Baton Rouge, named the building which houses its College of Education Peabody Building after GP. Louisiana St. Univ.
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 21-Peabody Hall, College of Education, Univ. of Ga. Peabody Hall, Univ. of Ga., which houses its College of Education, was constructed during 1912-13 with a $40,000 grant from the PEF. It was known as the Peabody School of Education during 1908-32 when the Ga. Legislature created the Board of Regents to direct all of higher education in Ga. Ref.: Dissertations Abstracts International, Vol. 19, No. 8 (Feb. 1959), pp. 1986-1987.
P.,G.: ...Named for GP. 22-Peabody Building, Univ. of N.C., Chapel Hill. Recipient of PEF grant, the Univ. of N.C. at Chapel Hill named the building which houses its College of Education Peabody Building after GP.
P.,G.: ...Named for GP. 23-Peabody Building, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, S.C., was begun in 1915 and dedicated in 1916. It has housed the physical education department and gymnasium, had an addition in 1957, a swimming pool added in 1976, and is to be torn down in 2006. The Peabody Building was so named when a building fund drive in 1915 by Winthrop College [for women] raised over $65,00: $35,000 from the PEF and $30,000 from the S.C. legislature. Winthrop University began in 1886 when Columbia, S.C., Supt. of Schools David Bancroft Johnson (Tenn.-born, 1856-1928, Univ. of Tenn. educated), facing a teacher shortage, sought help in Boston, Mass., from Robert Charles Winthrop (1809-94), trustee president of the PEF. The PEF contributed $1,500 and Winthrop added $50. Winthrop Training School (so named by Supt. D. B. Johnson) opened in Columbia, S.C., in November 1886 with one teacher, 19 young women students. D. B. Johnson was its first president during1886-1928. The teacher training school received S.C. state funds from 1887. Enrollment grew. Pres. D. B. Johnson's request to the S.C. General Assembly, Dec. 1891, led to the creation of the "Winthrop Normal and Industrial College of South Carolina" (Johnson's credo was: To educate a man is to educate one person; but to educate a woman is to educate a family). Rock Hill, S.C., was chosen as the new campus site when its businessmen offered land and building materials. Winthrop College, Rock Hill, S.C., became coeducational in 1974 and became Winthrop University on July 1, 1992.. Ref.: Winthrop Update (Rock Hill, S.C.), Vol. 12, No. 2 (Winter, 2004), pp. 1-2. Internet: http://www.rockhillherald.com/community/back/v-print/story/964562p-1011333c.html. Internet: http://www.winthrop.edu/president/pastpresidents.htm (both seen March 20, 2004).
P., G.: Named for GP. 24-Peabody Magnet High School, Alexandria, (Rapides Parish, La. 71302, was founded in 1895 with a requested PEF grant as Peabody Industrial School, grades 1-7, the only Black public school in Alexandria. It became a state approved high school in 1933. Ref.: Internet (seen Aug. 125, 2003): http://rapides.K12.la.us/peabody/
P.,G.: ...Named for GP. 25-St. Louis Public Schools, Mo., opened 1872, still existing in 2002 at 1606 South 18th St., St. Louis, Mo., three stories high, architect believed to be J.H. Maurice, probably named after GP in connection with PEF school grants. Ref.: Sharon A. Huffman, Records Center Supervisor/Archivist, 1615 Hampton Ave., St. Louis, Mo 63139, to Edward F. Nevins, 365 Mountain Ave., North Plainfield, NJ 07062-2304, June 21, 2002.
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 26-Peabody Park, Univ. of N.C. at Greensboro, was founded in 1901 with a gift of $5,000 by Columbus, Ga.-born George Foster Peabody (1852-1938), partly in honor of GP, his distant relative who lived earlier (1795-1869). Peabody Park is a vital refuge for animals and plants of the Piedmont region of the eastern U.S. Founder George Foster Peabody was a NYC-based investment banker and organizer of railroads and utility companies. Retiring early (1906, age 54), he was active in philanthropic funds (treasurer, General Education Board, and others). He was a philanthropist who aided higher education at the Univ. of Ga., and aided blacks and women at other higher education institutions. Retiring early (1906, age 54), he was an officer in philanthropic funds (treasurer, General Education Board, and others) and a philanthropist who aided higher education for blacks and women. He served with Charles Duncan McIver (1860-1906) on the Southern Education Board and gave the gift of the Peabody Park after McIver became the first president of the Univ. of N.C. at Greensboro. See: Peabody, George Foster.
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 27-Peabody Hall, Univ. of Fla., Gainesville, was completed following a $40,000 gift from the PEF in Oct. 1913. It is the only building on campus of Tudor-Gothic style, built according to the original 1905 campus. It housed the Univ. of Fla.'s first College of Education and first Library until 1925. Now an historical site, it is attached to Criser Hall to form the Marshall M. Criser Student Services Center, housing student registration, financial aid, and admissions. Ref.: "The History of Peabody Hall," Univ. of Fla., Gainesville, Internet: http://www.dso.ufl.edu/peabody.html
P.G.: …Named for GP. 28-Peabody Court Hotel, 612 Cathedral St., Baltimore, Md. 21201, named after GP, began as a luxury apartment building in 1928 and is within walking distance of Baltimore's Peabody Conservatory of Music, Walters Art Gallery, and the Enoch Pratt Free Library. Ref.: Internet: http://www.georges.snbhotels.com/history.htm
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 29-Peabody Hotel, Memphis, Tenn., 1869. Robert Charles Brinkley (1816-78), met and admired GP on a trip to Europe, probably when GP left NYC for England on the Scotia, May 1, 1867). That year Brinkley built a hotel on Main and Monroe, Memphis, Tenn. (near Beale St., famous for its jazz music). His admiration for and the vast publicity accompanying GP's death in London (Nov. 4, 1869) and unprecedented 96-day transatlantic funeral voyage induced Brinkley to name his new hotel "The Peabody." In late 1869 he gave "The Peabody" as a wedding gift to his daughter, Annie Overton Brinkley (1845-1923), when she married Robert Bogardus Snowden (d. 1923). "The Peabody" soon became the hotel in Memphis to visit, to stay in, and to be seen in. It hosted such famous guests as U.S. Pres. Andrew Johnson (1808-75), U.S. Pres. William McKinley (1843-1901), and Confederate Generals Robert E. Lee (1807-70), Nathan Bedford Forrest (1821-77), and Jubal Early (1816-94). Ref.: "The Peabody, Memphis: A History," on Internet Online Infoseek (seen April 10, 1999). Internet [Peabody Hotel, Memphis, Tenn.] Wilkening, David. Ref.: Semmer, p. 726.
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 30-Peabody Hotel, Memphis, Tenn., 1869 Cont'd. Managed by the Snowden heirs, The Peabody closed in 1923 and was replaced in 1925 by a new $5 million Peabody Hotel on Union Ave., owned by Memphis Hotel Co., controlled by R. Brinkley Snowden, great grandson of the original owner. In 1932 when Peabody Hotel manager Frank Schutt returned from duck hunting in Arkansas, he put some live ducks in the hotel fountain to attract attention. In 1940 former circus animal trainer Bellman Edward Pembroke trained the ducks to waddle in step from the elevator to the lobby fountain. This famous daily "Peabody Duck March" has continued ever since, often seen by 1,500 visitors on weekends. The Peabody Hotel, refurbished in 1980, remains a Memphis landmark. Ref.: Wilkening. See: Peabody Hotel, Memphis, Tenn. Persons named
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 31-Other Peabody Hotels. The Peabody Hotel Group (founded 1960) includes, besides the Peabody Hotel, Memphis, the Peabody Hotel, Orlando, Fla., with the Peabody Hotel in Tempe, Ariz., under development or renovation as of Sept. 15, 1999, and a lease signed Sep. 21, 2000, converting the former Excelsior Hotel, Little Rock, Ark., into the Peabody Hotel, Little Rock, Ark., each continuing the "duck walk" tradition. Realtor company chairman emeritus Philip Belz (1904-2000), whose Belz Enterprises owned the Peabody Hotel Group, died Aug 4, 2000, in Memphis. Ref.: Internet (seen Nov. 14, 1999): Hospitality Online Profile, Peabody Hotel Group. (Philip Belz): "Noted philanthropist Philip Belz dies, Tennessean (Nashville), Aug. 7, 2000, p. 5B. (Little Rock, Ark.): "Little Rock's Peabody Hotel to Include Ducks," Tennessean (Nashville, Tenn.), Sept. 21, 2000, p. 4B.
P.,G.: …Named for GP. 32-George Peabody Riddle. George Peabody Riddle was named after GP in appreciation by his father, Edward W. Riddle of Boston, one of two U.S. Commissioners in charge of the U.S. exhibitors and their 599 exhibits at the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London, the first world's fair. Embarrassed by lack of U.S. Congressional funds to adequately display their exhibits, GP's timely $15,000 loan enabled U.S. art and industry to be seen to best advantage by over 6 million world visitors. See: Riddle, Edward W.
Peabody, George, Letters & Papers in Depositories. See: back of book under References for GP and related unpublished letters and documents in U.S. libraries and historical society depositories and in British libraries and other depositories.
Peabody, George (1795-1869), Overview
(As they appear alphabetically in this work the names of people are listed in reverse order after see Last, First Middle names)
P., G., Overview. 1-Events, People, & Circumstances. In approximate chronological order key GP events, people, and circumstances, numbered below are briefly identified, with see entries for further reading. Example: 1-GP's ancestry: see Peabody Genealogy, Paternal and Maternal above. 2-GP's parents: see Peabody, Thomas (1762-1811, GP's father) and Peabody, Judith (née Dodge) (1770-1830, GP's mother). 3-GP's seven brothers and sisters, see (in order of birth): oldest brother Peabody, David (1790-1841), oldest unmarried sister Peabody, Achsah Spofford (1791-1821), younger unmarred sister Russell, Judith Dodge (née Peabody) Daniels (1799-1879), younger brother Peabody, Thomas (1801-35), youngest brother Peabody, Jeremiah Dodge (1805-77), younger married sister Peabody, Mary Gaines (née Marsh) (1807-34), and youngest married sister Little, Sophronia Phelps (née Peabody) (b.1809).
P., G., Overview. 4-GP's Boyhood: see Proctor, Sylvester (1769-1852). 5-GP's apprenticeship, Danvers, Mass., 1806-11, ages 11 to 14: see Proctor, Sylvester and Proctor, Jr., Sylvester (born c.1802). 5-GP's visit to maternal grandparents, Thetford, Vt., 1810, age 15: see grandparents Dodge, Jeremiah (1744-1824) and Dodge, Judith (née Spofford) (1749-1828). Barnstead, N.H. Concord, N.H. Jewett, Temperance (née Dodge) (b.1772, maternal aunt) and her physician husband Jewett, Dr. Jeremiah (1757-1836). Mayall, John Jabez Edwin (1810-1901). Thetford, Vt. 6-GP as assistant in oldest brother David Peabody's dry goods shop, Newburyport, Mass., 1811, age 16: see Newburyport, Mass., and Peabody, David (1790-1841, brother). 7-Consequences of GP's father Thomas Peabody's death, May 13, 1811, following an accident in which his leg was broken: see Peabody, Thomas (GP's father).
P., G., Overview. 8-Great Newburyport Fire, May 31, 1811, & Consequences: see Great Fire of Newburyport, Mass. Georgetown, D.C. Peabody, David (GP's brother). Peabody, Thomas (1762-1811, GP's father). 9-GP's sailing, May 4, 1812, with paternal uncle John Peabody on brig named Fame, commanded by Capt. Davis, from Newburyport, Mass., to Georgetown, D.C., where they opened a store on Bridge St., May 15, 1812: see Davis, Capt. of brig Fame. Fame (ship). Georgetown, D.C. Peabody, John (1768-before 1826, paternal uncle). War of 1812. 10-GP's War of 1812 military service and later influential fellow soldiers John Pendleton Kennedy (1795-1870, statesman and PIB creator) and merchant and later partner Elisha Riggs, Sr. (1779-1853): see Kennedy, John Pendleton. Riggs, Sr., Elisha. Corcoran, William Wilson. War of 1812.
P., G., Overview. 11-Riggs, Peabody and Co. (1814-29); GP as junior partner in a dry goods importing firm: see Riggs, Sr., Elisha. 12-Peabody, Riggs & Co. (1829-48): see Corcoran, William Wilson. Corcoran & Riggs. Mexican War Loan. Riggs, Samuel (d.1853). 13-End of Peabody, Riggs & Co. (1845-48) and departure of Samuel Riggs to join Lawrence Stone & Co., connected with the Bay State Cotton Mills in Lawrence, Mass., and the departure of partners Henry T. Jenkins and Adolphus William Peabody: see Jenkins, Henry T. Peabody, Adolphus William. Riggs, Samuel.
P., G., Overview. 14-Elisha Riggs, Sr.'s financial connection with the Collins Line of five steamships plying between NYC and Liverpool: see Collins Line. Collins, Edward Knight. Riggs, Sr., Elisha. 15-GP-Elisha Riggs, Sr.'s business and friendship ties until Riggs' death in 1853: see Riggs, Sr., Elisha.
P., G., Overview. 16-GP's Visits to Canada: see Canada. Montreal, Canada. Quebec, Canada. Toronto, Canada.
P., G., Overview. 17-GP's Commercial Trips to Europe (1827-37): see Visits to Europe, GP's. 18-For GP's fifth European trip (left U.S. Feb. 1837) as Md.'s fiscal agent to help sell the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal part of Md.'s $8 million bond issue abroad for internal improvements, his difficulty selling the bonds during the Panic of 1837, his ultimate success, and Md. legislative thanks transmitted by Gov. Thomas G. Pratt: see Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Co. Pratt, Thomas G. (1804-69, Md. Gov.). Speed, John Speed (1797-1852, Baltimore lawyer). Thomas, Philip Francis (1810-90, Md. Gov.). Md.'s $8 Million Bond Sale Abroad and GP.
P., G., Overview. 19-GP's Visits to France: see Cannes, France. Eugénie, Empress. Eustis, Louise Morris (née Corcoran). Eustis, George. Napoleon III. Paris, France. Winthrop, Robert Charles.
P., G., Overview. 20-GP's Visits to Germany (and nephew Othniel Charles Marsh's study at German universities): see Berlin, Univ. of. Hamburg, Germany. Heidelberg, Univ. of. Breslau, Univ. of. Germany, Universities of.
P., G., Overview. 21-GP's Visits to Ireland: see Bright, John. Castle Connell,. Dublin, Ireland. Ireland. Limerick, Ireland. O'Grady, Standish. Tennent, James Emerson.
P., G., Overview. 22-GP's Visits to Italy: see Antonelli, Giacomo (Cardinal). Florence, Italy. Hospital of San Spirito, Rome, Italy. Italy. Pope Pius IX. San Spirito Hospital, Rome, Italy. Story, William Wetmore. Statues of GP. Winthrop, Robert Charles.
P., G., Overview. 23-GP's visits to Scotland: see Scotland.
P., G., Overview. 24-GP's U.S. Visits (Sept. 15, 1856, to Aug. 19, 1857; May 1, 1866, to May 1, 1867; and June 8-Sept. 29, 1869): see Visits to the U.S., GP's.
P., G., Overview. 25-GP's Business Career, 1838-64: see George Peabody & Co. (1838-64); Morgan, Junius Spencer (1813-90, partner during 1854-64); Morgan, Sr., John Pierpont (1837-1913, J.S. Morgan's son who at age 19 began as NYC agent for George Peabody & Co.). 25-History of George Peabody & Co. (1838-64) and its successor firms: see Burk, Kathleen. Deutsche Morgan Grenfell. Hidy, Muriel. Hidy, Ralph W. Moody, John and George Kibbe Turner ("Masters of Capitalism in America..."). Morgan, Sr., John Pierpont. Morgan, Junius Spencer. Redlich, Fritz. Riggs, Sr., Elisha.
P., G., Overview. 26-Personal Views of GP: see Bright, John. See: Forney, John Wien, Philadelphia newspaper owner, GP's fellow passenger aboard Scotia, NYC to England, May 1-9, 1867, and Forney's subsequent description of his visit to the Peabody Homes of London. Kenin, Richard, whose Return to Albion: Americans in England 1760-1940 (1979) is perceptive about GP's 32 years in London; GP's character, motives, and importance as banker and as philanthropist.
P., G., Overview. 27-Personal Views of GP Cont'd: see Lawrence, William, for his insights on how and why GP publicized his banquets for the PEF trustees, their wives, and invited guests; of the good will and value that resulted for the work of the fund through his sense of good press and public relations. See: Moorman, John Jennings, M.D., for impressions of GP at White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., July 23-Aug. 30, 1869. See: British MP Bright, John, for his impressions when he fished for salmon with GP at Castle Connell, Limerick, Ireland, June 1867 and July 1868; and his views on GP which he expressed to Queen Victoria, Dec. 30, 1868.
P., G., Overview. 28-Critics and Criticisms of GP's role in the Civil War and as philanthropist: see Baldwin, Leland DeWitt. Bigelow, John. Bowles, Samuel. Civil War and GP. Felt, Charles Wilson. Garrison, William Lloyd. Josephson, Matthew. Moran, Benjamin. Myers, Gustavus. Potter, John R. "S.P.Q." Sandburg, Carl. Train, George Francis. For fuller description see also Peabody, George, Critics, above.
P., G., Overview. 29-Defenders of GP's role in the Civil War and as philanthropist: see Civil War and GP. McIlvaine, Charles Pettit. "R.D.P." Weed, Thurlow.
P., G., Overview. 30-Last Illness, Death, Funeral Ceremonies; in England, transatlantic funeral, U.S., eulogy, burial: see Death and Funeral, GP's (most complete account, whose specific components are as follows): Alabama Claims (GP's unusual funeral honors came in part from British officials first, then U.S. officials, who outdid each other in funeral honors for GP in order to reduce near war Civil War animosities from such incidents as the Nov. 8, 1861, Trent Affair and the later Alabama Claims. CSS Alabama and other British-built ships were bought covertly by Confederate agents, outfitted and armed as Confederate raiders. The U.S. demanded and in 1872 received reparations ($15.5 million) from Britain for lost U.S. ships, lives, and treasure.
P., G., Overview. 31-Last Illness, Death, Funeral Cont'd.: see Bismarck, Count von (to whom Minister Motley described GP's deathbed scene). Blanc, Louis (French political writer who contributed a GP eulogy). Covey, William H. (medical attendant who with William Withey Gull, M.D., tended GP's last illness and death). Farragut, David Glasgow, Adm., placed in charge of U.S. ships at Portland, Me., receiving port. Fish, Hamilton (PEF trustee and U.S. Secty. of State involved in transatlantic funeral decisions and events). Funchall Bay, Madeira and Madeira (Portuguese islands in North Atlantic where funeral ships took on coal). Gull, William Withey, M.D. (who with medical attendant William H. Covey tended GP's last illness and death, with Dr. Gull supervising the embalming of GP's remains). Hugo, Victor Marie (French novelist who sent a GP eulogy). Harmony Grove Cemetery, Salem, Mass. (where GP was buried, Feb. 8, 1870).
P., G., Overview. 32-Last Illness, Death, Funeral Cont'd: see Helps, Arthur (Queen Victoria's advisor who, on Oct. 30, 1869, at her request and through Curtis Miranda Lampson, extended the Queen's invitation for gravely ill GP to rest at Windsor Castle [but, too late; GP died Nov. 4, 1869]). Lee, Robert E. (former Confederate Gen. and Pres., Washington College [Washington and Lee Univ., from 1871]), with whom GP talked, walked arm in arm, dined, and was photographed at White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., July 23-Aug. 30, 1869; and to whose college GP gave Va. bonds later worth $60,000 for a professorship of mathematics. Fearing an incident, Robert Charles Winthrop and others wrote confidential letters to discourage Lee's possible attendance at GP's final funeral service, Peabody, Mass., Feb. 8, 1870, but Lee was too ill to attend).
P., G., Overview. 33-Last Illness, Death, Funeral Cont'd.: see Monarch, HMS (warship) and Commerell, John E. (captain of Britain's newest and largest warship), chosen as funeral vessel to return GP's remains for burial in the U.S., following early suggestion by Queen Victoria that his remains be returned on a royal vessel). McIlvaine, Charles Pettit (who reported GP's deathbed scene to Robert Charles Winthrop). Maine Legislature (which debated officials' attendance en masse). Moran, Benjamin (U.S. Legation in London secty. involved with Minister Motley in GP's funeral events). Motley, John Lothrop (U.S. Minister to England heavily involved in GP's funeral events). Nolan, Thomas (London clergyman who visited and prayed with dying GP).
P., G., Overview. 34-Last Illness, Death, Funeral Cont'd.: see Plymouth, USS (U.S. warship chosen to accompany HMS Monarch from Portsmouth, England, to Portland, Me.). Somerby, Horatio Gates (visited dying GP). Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn (Dean of Westminster Abbey who offered Abbey funeral service for GP). Trent Affair (GP's unusual funeral honors came in part from British officials first, then U.S. officials, outdoing each other in GP funeral honors in order to reduce such near war Civil War incidents as the Nov. 8, 1861, Trent Affair and the later Alabama Claims. Illegal removal and jailing by U.S. naval forces from the British mail ship Trent of four Confederate agents seeking arms and aid from England and France caused anger in Britain until the U.S. disavowed the action and released the Confederates on Jan. 1, 1862.
P., G., Overview. 35-Last Illness, Death, Funeral Cont'd.: see Victoria, Queen (who through advisor Arthur Helps, on Oct. 30, 1869, invited gravely ill GP to rest at Windsor Castle [but, too late, GP died Nov. 4, 1869]) and who first suggested return of his remains to the U.S. on a royal vessel. Wills, GP's (last will before death, Sept. 29, 1869). Winter, Simon (GP's manservant present during his last illness and death, who supplied death certificate information and was listed as riding in carriages to and from the Nov. 12, 1869, Westminster Abbey funeral service). Portland, Me. (U.S. receiving port, Jan. 25-Feb. 1, 1870). Portsmouth, England (placing of GP's remains aboard HMS Monarch). Winthrop, Robert Charles (gave final eulogy). Westminster Abbey (GP's Nov. 12, 1869, funeral service, where his remains rested 30 days, Nov. 12-Dec. 11, 1869).
Peabody, George (1795-1869), Philanthropy of (& Philanthropic Influence)
(For particulars *see institutions, persons, and topics listed below)
P., G., .. 1-Libraries. GP funded seven libraries to which he gave a total of $1,828,120 (including publication funds for historical societies, below). In keeping with the adult education needs of the time, his library institutes included a lecture hall and lecture fund plus reading rooms and circulating books (except the non circulating PIB's reference library). The PIB included a specialized non circulating reference library, lecture hall and lecture fund, an art gallery (whose art objects are now mainly on loan), and the Peabody Academy (Conservatory after 1874) of Music.
P., G., Philanthropy. 2-Libraries Cont'd. GP's specific library gifts, date of gift (and total amount in parentheses) are: to the a-Baltimore Athenaeum and Library, June 3, 1845 ($500); Peabody Institute libraries at b-Peabody, Mass., June 16, 1852-69 (total $217,600); c-Baltimore, Feb. 12, 1857-69 (total $1.4 million for library, lecture hall and fund, music conservatory, and art gallery); d-Danvers, Mass., Dec. 22, 1856-69 ($100,000); e-Georgetown, Mass., 1868 ($30,000); f-Thetford, Vt., Sept. 1866 ($5,000), g-Newburyport, Mass., Feb. 20, 1867 ($15,000), and h-Georgetown, D.C., April 20, 1867 ($15,000).
P., G., Philanthropy. 3-Historical Society Publication Funds. Included in the library total are publication funds for the i-Historical Society of Philadelphia, Jan. 1857, $20; j-Md. Historical Society, Nov. 5, 1866, $20,000, and the k-Mass. Historical Society, Jan. 1, 1867; plus an unknown sum for abstracting Maryland colonial records from English depositories for the Maryland Historical Society, 1853-54.
P., G., Philanthropy. 4-Science and Science Education. GP's seven gifts for science totaled $551,000, to: a-Md. Mechanics Institute, Baltimore, for a chemistry laboratory and school, Oct. 31, 1851, $1,000; b-Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard Univ., Oct. 8, 1866, $150,000; c-Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale Univ., Oct. 22, 1866, $150,000; d-mathematics and natural science professorship at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., Oct. 30, 1866, $25,000; e-mathematics and civil engineering professorship at Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, Nov. 6, 1866, $25,000;
P., G., Philanthropy. 5-Science and Science Education Cont'd. f-Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Mass., Feb. 26, 1867, $140,000 (originally a maritime museum named Peabody Academy of Science [1867-1915], renamed Peabody Museum of Salem [1915-92], then combined with Essex County historical documents and renamed Peabody Essex Museum, since 1992); and a g-mathematics professorship at Washington and Lee Univ., Lexington, Va. (given to honor Pres. Robert E. Lee of the then Washington College), 1869, $60,000.
P., G., Philanthropy. 6-London Housing. GP's gift of model apartment housing totaled $2.5 million to the Peabody Donation Fund, London, which built and managed low-rent apartments (March 12, 1862-69+), which on March 31, 1999, housed 34,500 low income Londoners (59% white, 32% black, and 9% others) in 17,183 affordable Peabody apartments in 26 London boroughs, GP's most successful philanthropy. GP's housing gift for London's working poor was made on social reformer Lord Shaftesbury's (1801-85) advice, deliberately sought by GP in 1857-58, that housing was the London poor's greatest need.
P., G., Philanthropy. 7-Arctic Exploration. GP gave for Arctic exploration a total of $l0,000 to the Second U.S. Grinnell Expedition conducted during 1853-55 by U.S. Navy Commander Elisha Kent Kane (1820-57) to search for the missing British Arctic explorer Sir John Franklin (1786-1847).
P., G., Philanthropy. 8-Patriotic Causes. GP's six gifts for patriotic causes totaled $71,850 as follows: a-the Battle of Lexington Monument, South Danvers, Mass. (renamed Peabody, April 13, 1868), 1835, $300; b-Revolutionary War Monument for General Gideon Foster, 1845, $50; c-Bunker Hill Memorial Monument, June 3, 1845, $500; d-State of Md. (GP declined commission due him for sale of bonds for internal improvements during 1837-48), $60,000; e-Washington Monument, in Washington, D.C., July 4, 1854, $1,000; and f-U.S. Sanitary Commission (Civil War medical care for Union soldiers), 1864, $10,000.
P., G., Philanthropy. 9-Hospitals. GP's three gifts to hospitals totaled $19,565 as follows: to the a-City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, 1850-55, $165; b-Mental Hospital, London, 1864, $l00; and c-San Spirito Hospital, Rome, Italy, April 1868, $19,300.
P., G., Philanthropy. 10-Churches and Other Charities. GP gave a total of $70,740 for churches and other charities as follows: to the a-South Congregational Church, Peabody, Mass., 1843 (or 1844), $250; b-London Refuge for the Destitute, 1858-60, $115; c-Church, Barnstead, NH, 1866, $450; d-Memorial Church (his mother's church), Georgetown, Mass., 1866, $70,000; e-English Charity, date unknown $15; and f-gift of a stone-based metal railing in front of the Catholic Church, Limerick, Ireland, amount not known, given in the late 1860s.
P., G., Philanthropy. 11-Education. GP gave a total of $2,004,700 to Education as follows: for best scholars' medals at Peabody High School, Peabody, Mass., 1854-67, $2,600, and Holton High School, Danvers, Mass., 1867, $2,000; to a London school, 1864, $l00; and to establish the Peabody Education Fund for 11 former Confederate states plus West Virginia, Feb. 7, 1867, and June 29, 1869, $2,000,000. At his death, Nov. 4, 1869, GP's total philanthropic gifts were variously reported in the press as approaching $10 million (or an estimated $129.2 million in 2001 purchasing dollars), the largest up to that time, but considerably less than the total of $4.8 billion estimated in 1999 dollars given by Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) and the total of $5.8 billion estimated in 1999 dollars given by John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (1839-1937). Ref.: (GP's 1869 $10 million gifts or an estimated $129.2 million in 2001 purchasing dollars) See: Ref.: g. Internet: Philanthropic gifts, GP's. (Carnegie and Rockefeller, Sr.): Time, Vol. 156, No. 4 (July 24, 2000), p. 52.
P., G., Philanthropy. 12-Philanthropy-Why He Gave. For exploration of GP's motives for his philanthropy, with sources, see relevant GP letters and speeches in Preface, Sources, Overview. See: relevant GP speeches in London, Freedom of the City of London.
P., G., Philanthropy. 13-GP's Philanthropic Influence. A-In Hawaii: See: Bishop, Charles Reed (founder, the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu; Hawaii's most important museum). B-Influence via the Peabody Homes of London: See: Stewart, Alexander Turney (founder, Garden City, N.Y.). C-Influence via the PEF Trustees: See: Drexel, Anthony Joseph (founder, Drexel Univ., Philadelphia). See: Paul Tulane (founder, Tulane Univ., New Orleans). See: Robert Charles Winthrop (founder, Winthrop College, Rock Hill, S.C.). D-Influence via the PEF: See: John F. Slater Fund for Negro Education (1882-1937), Four Conferences on Education in the South (1898-1901), Southern Education Board (1901-14), and General Education Board (1902-14).
Peabody, George (1795-1869), Photographs
P., G., Photographs, are included in Peabody, George (1795-1869) Illustrations, above.
Peabody, George (1795-1869), Physicians
P., G., Physicians. See: Keep, Nathan Cooley, Dr.. Putnam, Charles Gideon, Dr..
Peabody, George (1795-1869), Portraits
P., G., Portraits (the 8 portrait artists described in Peabody, George [1795-1869] Illustrations are again listed alphabetically): 1-British-born Lowes Cato Dickinson (1819-1908), GP portrait in the PIB; 2-Conway-Mass.-born Chester Harding (1792-1866), GP portrait in Md. Hist. Soc.; 3-Boston-born George Peter Alexander Healy (1813-94), GP portrait in the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; 4-James Reid Lambdin (1807-89), GP portrait in PIB, 1857; 5-Philadelphia-born photographer John Jabez Edwin Mayall (1810-1901), with studios in London and Brighton, England, whose life-size photos of GP are at the (1) PIB, and at the Peabody Institute Libraries at (2) Peabody, Mass., (3) Danvers, Mass., and Thetford, Vt., were said to have been painted over by Queen Victoria's portrait painter, French artist Aed Arnoult (or Aed Arnault), to resemble an oil painting (See: Peabody: An Illustrated Guide in Peabody, George, Illus.).
P., G., Portraits of (Cont'd.). 6-Philadelphia-born John Neagle (1796-1865) whose original portrait of GP in middle age is in the Karolik Collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 7-London-born Henry William Pickersgill's (1782-1875); and 8-Penn.-born Thomas Buchanan Read's (1822-72), portraits of GP are in the PIB, 1860. See: artists named. Engravers-artists. Peabody, George, Illustrations. Schuler, Hans (for his bust of GP in N.Y.U. Hall of Fame). Story, William Wetmore (for his seated GP statue in London, a copy of which is in Baltimore).
Peabody, George (ships connected with GP). See: Alabama, CSS (ship). Arctic (ship). Collins Line. Fame (ship). George Henry (ship). George Peabody (ship). Great Eastern (ship). Monarch, HMS. Persia (ship). Plymouth, USS (ship). Resolute, HMS (ship). San Jacinto, USS (ship). Scotia (ship). Trent Affair. West Point (ship).
Peabody, George. U.S. Ministers to Britain. See: Dinners, GP's, London. U.S. Ministers to Britain and GP.
Peabody, George's, Wills. See: Wills, George Peabody's (1795-1869).
GP’s Same-Named Distant Cousin (often mistakingly confused with each other in printed sources).
Peabody, George (1804-92), of Salem, Mass. 1-GP's Same-Named Distant Cousin. George Peabody of Salem, Mass., president of the Eastern Railroad, was the fifth son of famed Salem, Mass., clipper ship owner Joseph Peabody (1757-1844) and his second wife Elizabeth Smith. This distant cousin of GP went to Jacob Knapp's school, Salem, Mass., then to Harvard College (class of 1823), went on his grand tour of Europe, and was active in banking, railroads, and shipping. Ref.: Hoyt, pp. 65, 70-71. See: Peabody, Francis (older brother). Peabody, Joseph (father).
Peabody, George, of Salem, Mass. 2-Same-Named Distant Cousins Confused by William Lloyd Garrison. The same named distant cousins were mistaken for each other by abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison (1805-79) who attacked GP's patriotism for his PIB ($1.4 total gift, 1857) in Baltimore, "made to a Maryland institution at a time when that state was rotten with treason." Garrison attacked GP's PEF (1867-69, $2 million total) for giving more to white than to black public schools in the South. He attacked GP for not showing public sorrow at Pres. Lincoln's assassination. He also attacked GP, when gravely ill, for going not to a northern but to a southern health spa (White Sulphur Springs, W.Va.), a "favorite resort of the elite of rebeldom," where he accepted and thanked southerners for their resolutions of praise for his PEF. Garrison charged GP with favoring the 1850 Mass. Fugitive Slave Law, clearly confusing the same-named Eastern Railroad president with the merchant-banker-philanthropist GP, who was in London during 1837-69. See: Garrison, William Lloyd. Civil War and GP.
Peabody, George, of Salem, Mass. 3-Same-Named Distant Cousins also Confused by Others. Scott H. Paradise (1891-1959), Head of English Dept. and later pres. of Phillips Academy of Andover, Mass., in his article, "Peabody, George (Feb. 18, 1795-Nov. 4, 1869)," Dictionary of American Biography, ed. by Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner's Son, 1934), VII, Part I, pp. 336-338, also confused these same named distant cousins. S.H. Paradise mistakenly referred to GP as the "President of Eastern Railroad." The same error was in Library of Congress card catalogs until Franklin and Betty Parker, authors of this work, informed Library of Congress authorities of the error in 1955. Ref. Ibid.
Peabody, George, of Salem, Mass. 4-Writings and Career of this Same-Named Distant Cousin. Socially less prominent than his brother Francis Peabody (1801-68), George Peabody (1804-92), Eastern Railroad president, passed his life in Salem, Mass., and increased his inheritance by shrewd investments. His two publications are: 1-George Peabody, Address at the Opening of the Eastern Railroad Between Boston and Salem, August 27, 1838, by George Peabody, President of the Corporation (Salem, Mass.: J.R. Choate and Co., 1888); and 2-George Peabody, Family Gathering Relating to the Smith and Blanchard Families (Danvers, Mass.: privately printed), p. 15, which gives the author's genealogy. Ref.: Ibid.
GP’s Same-Named Nephew
Peabody, George (1815-32). 1-GP's Nephew. GP's nephew of the same name, the son of GP's oldest brother David Peabody (1790-1841), died at age 17. GP was fond of this nephew, paid for his schooling at Bradford Academy, Bradford, Mass., received regular reports of his nephew's progress, and planned to pay his way through Yale College. But sadly this favorite nephew died at age 17 on Sept. 24, 1832, in Boston of scarlet fever, his potential unfulfilled. GP's reply to this nephew's request for financial aid to attend Yale College shows GP's regret at his own lack of education and may help explain his later philanthropy.
Peabody, George (1815-32). 2-"Deprived, as I was." GP wrote (his underlining): "Deprived, as I was, of the opportunity of obtaining anything more than the most common education, I am well qualified to estimate its value by the disadvantages I labour under in the society [in] which my business and situation in life frequently throws me, and willingly would I now give twenty times the expense attending a good education could I now possess it, but it is now too late for me to learn and I can only do to those who come under my care, as I could have wished circumstances had permitted others to have done by me." Ref.: GP, London, to George Peabody (1815-32), son of oldest brother David Peabody (1790-1841), May 18, 1831, Peabody Papers, PEM, Salem, Mass., also quote
bfparker
Profile
Calendar
